Why we can’t tackle the environmental emergency without tackling racism
As the COP27 summit gets underway in Egypt this week it’s vital to remember that the legacy of colonialism has ensured racism and the environmental emergency are inextricably linked. Earlier this year a report by the Runnymede Trust and Greenpeace examined the impact of this discrimination and provided a rallying call for environmental justice. In a piece originally published in July by Greenpeace, climate activist and ornithologist Dr Mya-Rose Craig explores the issues.
As you read these words, think about the air you’re breathing. Is it fresh and clean or have nearby roads and industry mixed dangerous pollution into each breath? Think about your wider neighbourhood. Is there good green space nearby? How easy would it be for you to get to a beach, a mountain or a lake?
On average, if you’re a person of colour in the UK, your answers were likely very different to the average white person. That’s because people of colour in Britain are more likely to live close to a waste incinerator. Black people in London are more likely to breathe illegal levels of air pollution than white and Asian groups. And Black people living in England are nearly four times more likely than white people to have no access to outdoor space at home, whether it’s a garden or a balcony.
Of course, everyone suffers from environmental damage, and the most deprived people, of all backgrounds, deal with more than their fair share of it. But even taking poverty into account, it’s people of colour who are often hit hardest. But this isn’t widely understood.
The awareness gap
A recent YouGov survey shows that these environmental inequalities are hard to see for the vast majority of the UK public, most of whom won’t experience them first hand. Over a third (35 per cent) of those surveyed believe that people of colour and white people in the UK are just as likely to live close to a waste incinerator, with just 12 per cent believing communities of colour are more likely to have one in their area. More than half of respondents (55 per cent) believe there’s no difference in exposure to air pollution between white people and people of colour in London, with just 16 per cent believing that Black and minority ethnic communities are worse affected. And when it comes to access to green and outdoor spaces, about half of the public (47 per cent) believes there are no significant differences between ethnic groups, against just 26 per cent who think people of colour enjoy less access.
Right now, the public isn’t just missing the realities of the present. It’s misunderstanding the inheritance of the past. We can’t understand the environmental crisis, or address its root causes, without understanding the racism that it has sprouted from, and how it still maintains it today.
Most people don’t think of themselves as being racist and try their best to treat everyone equally. But these individual good intentions are set against a world that, in a million large and small ways, has been built around valuing some human lives and experiences over others. Over the centuries, this logic has crept into our laws, our culture, the layout of our cities, and the deepest parts of our minds, steadily building up over time like silt in a river. This has affected every aspect of daily life, and the environment is no exception. This is what systemic racism is.
This is also where understanding the links between race and class becomes crucial. People of colour in the UK are more likely to live in poverty than their white counterparts and are also more likely to live in economically deprived, urban areas. The UK’s most deprived areas suffer most from environmental harms, and people of colour in those areas are likely to suffer. Of course, economic deprivation is both a tool and a consequence of racism, so it’s impossible to separate class issues from race issues.
Confronting injustice
For decades, Indigenous peoples, people of colour and their allies have been fighting environmental racism, and highlighting its many injustices. A report from Greenpeace and the Runnymede Trust in July gathered these stories and struggles together. It should be a rallying point for those already working on racial justice issues, and a call for the wider environmental movement to join them.
The report cites examples of environmental racism from all over the world, but they all connect back to the UK. It’s crucial to understand our country’s central role in these injustices. The UK is the birthplace of the industrial revolution, a global financial hub, and an imperial power that has invaded or colonised practically every country on earth. This ubiquity has left our fingerprints on all the overlapping crises of our age, and gives us a special responsibility for how they play out. The centuries of exploitation and discrimination is behind the environmental inequalities that split our world apart today.
People of colour across the globe are disproportionately losing their lives and livelihoods as a result of the environmental emergency. These impacts fall heaviest on those who did the least to cause them and have the least resources to be able to cope. Much of the carbon from fossil fuels in the atmosphere today came from Europe, the US and other wealthy countries in the global North, yet nearly all the countries most impacted by the climate crisis are in the global South.
These injustices, and the exploitative relationships that underpin them, are the legacy of colonialism. The British empire, and the corporations it sponsored, raked in enormous riches from slavery, cheap labour and the plunder of raw materials worth trillions of dollars. Thanks to technological advantages and colonial oppression, rich countries have squeezed huge profits out of the fossil fuel economy while setting the globe on a path of dependence on fossil fuels and causing much of the associated emissions, leaving the global South poorer and more exposed to the environmental emergency as a result.
The treatment of entire groups of people as inferior or less deserving of a decent life is still allowing governments and industry to dump environmental impacts onto the global South. Since the heaviest impacts of the climate crisis fall onto poorer, less powerful countries, fossil fuel giants and governments in the global North feel less pressure to get to grips with the problem. Since the UK’s plastic waste is shipped off to some of these same countries, the plastic industry and our government can get away with not tackling our plastic problem at the source. And since it’s mostly Indigenous peoples and locals in the global South that suffer from the destruction of the world’s rainforests to produce palm oil, meat or timber, companies and governments can carry on chopping down these climate-critical ecosystems with near impunity.
The action we demand
As it will be clear by now, these are huge and complex issues. There’s no single magic bullet that will solve them all at one stroke. But recognising these inequalities and where they come from has to be the first step towards putting them right.
These are some of the things that need to happen if we are to tackle the fundamental injustice at the heart of the nature and climate crisis:
Those most responsible for the environmental emergency must be held accountable and pay their fair share of the loss and damage through reparations. Immediately, this means that global North countries must pay their fair share of financial assistance to account for the losses and damages imposed on poorer nations in the global South as well as support for adaptation. COP27 in Egypt will be the key moment to make this happen.
When it comes to money, technology and political power, centuries of exploitation have tilted the global playing field against poorer countries in the South of the world. This is why shifting power and resources back to these countries is absolutely key to tackling environmental injustice. Practical ways to achieve this include debt cancellation, reforms to international institutions, taxation that makes polluters pay, enactment of land-rights and the patent-free sharing of green technologies with the global South.
We need to move away from a wasteful economy that treats people and nature like resources to be mined for profit to one that’s grounded in restoring nature and allowing people to thrive. Space for new thinking is needed around alternative ideas to promote progress that is based on the collective well-being of both humans and nature. A just transition away from the unfair, extractive economy that dominates our society will not just tackle the impacts of the environmental emergency but will also start to address the hugely disproportionate injustices facing low-income communities and people of colour.
The fight for the environment is a fight for equality and justice. And the simple truth is that environmentalism that excludes people of colour and other marginalised groups can never win. It will miss out on a wealth of knowledge – modern and traditional – on how people can live well with nature. But just as importantly, it will miss out on the energy of those with the biggest stake in its success. The environment connects to everything. It’s time environmentalism did too.
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Communities of colour are disproportionately affected by the failure of successive governments to address the climate emergency – and air pollution in particular – with an equitable and inclusive approach. Poetic Unity, a Brixton-based charity that supports thousands of young Black and marginalised people through poetry and spoken word, has been raising awareness about the issue for the past two years. Jayda David provides an insight into the organisation’s work.
The struggle for climate justice in the Niger Delta
Colonised by Britain in 1884, Nigeria was an important site for the expansion of British oil interests. This has had a seismic impact, particularly on the Niger Delta, where decades of hazardous environmental pollution by Shell – a British multinational headquartered in London – have devastated the region and its communities. The ongoing fight for compensation and remediation underscores the urgent need for a global commitment to environmental justice, writes Lazarus Tamana, president of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP).
Globally, entrenched racialised inequalities mean that people of colour and Indigenous groups are the most severely affected by the impacts of the climate emergency. In response, writes the Runnymede Trust’s Nannette Youssef, a parliamentary inquiry has been launched to examine the issues.
